Flame retardant polycaprolactone

ABSTRACT

A process for forming a flame retardant polymer, as well as the flame retardant polymer, are disclosed. A flame retardant polymer is a polymer that can be resistant to thermal degradation and/or thermal oxidation. A flame retardant polymer can be mixed or otherwise incorporated into a standard polymer to give flame retardancy to the standard polymer. The flame retardant polymers can include polycaprolactone functionalized with flame retardant substituents. The flame retardant substituents can include halides, substituted phosphoryl, and substituted phosphonyl.

BACKGROUND

There is considerable interest in the use of renewably-sourced polymersfor electronic applications. Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a commerciallyavailable, renewably-sourced polymer that has been successfully blendedwith various polymers as an impact modifier to improve toughness,resulting in blends with a sizeable fraction of bio-based material. PCLis also used as a building block for the manufacturing of polyurethanes.

SUMMARY

Some embodiments discussed herein are related to flame retardantpolymers. A flame retardant polymer is a polymer that can be resistantto thermal degradation and/or thermal oxidation. A flame retardantpolymer can be mixed or otherwise incorporated into a standard polymerto give flame retardancy to the standard polymer.

The compounds described herein may be used in flame retardant polymers.

Some embodiments include a process of forming a flame retardantpolycaprolactone, the process comprising utilizing a caprolactonemolecule to form a hydroxyl-functionalized caprolactone molecule,chemically reacting the hydroxyl-functionalized caprolactone moleculewith a halide to form a halogen-functionalized caprolactone monomer,polymerizing a mixture that includes at least the halogen-functionalizedcaprolactone monomer to form a flame retardant polycaprolactone.

Some embodiments include a flame resistant compound represented by aformula:

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are independently selected from H, F, Cl,Br, and I.

Some embodiments include a compound represented by a formula:—O—FRwherein FR is selected from optionally substituted phosphoryl andoptionally substituted phosphonyl.

Some embodiments include a polymer that includes the monomer representedby a formula.

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are each independently selected from H,F, Cl, Br, I, and —O—FR.

Some embodiments include a polymer represented b a formula.

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ are independently selected from H, F, Cl,Br, and I, and wherein a relative percentage of n block to m block isbetween 2% and 20%.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an example synthesis diagram representing a synthesis ofhalogenated PCL flame retardants.

FIG. 2 is an example synthesis diagram representing a synthesis ofnon-halogenated PCL flame retardants.

FIG. 3 is an example synthesis diagram representing a synthesis ofnon-halogenated PCL flame retardants.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Bio-based compounds are increasingly being used in the syntheses ofsubstances that previously required petroleum-based raw materials. Onebenefit of bio-based compounds is that they are from renewableresources. Therefore, these compounds have applications in sustainable,or “green,” materials. Sustainable materials are becoming more and moreprevalent, due to the rising costs of fossil fuels and increasingenvironmental regulatory controls. Advances in biotechnology haveprovided numerous strategies for efficiently and inexpensively producingbio-based compounds on an industrial scale. Examples of these strategiesinclude plant-based or microorganism-based approaches. Plant-basedapproaches can involve obtaining a material directly from a plant orgrowing plant tissues or cells that can produce bio-based compounds fromvarious substrates using their own biosynthetic pathways.Microorganism-based approaches involve using native or geneticallymodified fungi, yeast, or bacteria to produce a desired compound from astructurally similar substrate.

Examples of uses for bio-based compounds include polymers, flameretardants, cross-linkers, etc. In some examples, bio-based polymers andpetroleum-based polymers are blended to form a polymer composite.However, polymers can also be entirely bio-based, or produced from acombination of bio- and petroleum-based monomers. Bio-based compoundscan impart flame-retardant properties to bio- and petroleum-basedpolymers. For example, flame-retardant monomers or cross-linkers can beincorporated into polymers. Additionally, flame-retardant smallmolecules can be blended with the polymers.

In some embodiments, polymers can be heteropolymers consisting of 2 ormore different monomers. In some embodiments, polymers can behomopolymers consisting of only one monomer. For example, in oneembodiment a polymer can be a heteropolymer of unsubstitutedcaprolactone and substituted caprolactone. In another embodiment, thepolymer can be a homopolymer of only substituted caprolactone.

Unless otherwise indicated, when a compound or chemical structuralfeature such as aryl is referred to as being “optionally substituted,”it includes a feature that has no substituents (i.e. unsubstituted), ora feature that is “substituted,” meaning that the feature has one ormore substituents. The term “substituent” has the broadest meaning knownto one of ordinary skill in the art, and includes a moiety that replacesone or more hydrogen atoms attached to a parent compound or structuralfeature. In some embodiments, a substituent may be an ordinary organicmoiety known in the art, which may have a molecular weight (e.g. the sumof the atomic masses of the atoms of the substituent) of 15 g/mol to 50g/mol, 15 g/mol to 100 g/mol, 15 g/mol to 150 g/mol, 15 g/mol to 200g/mol, 15 g/mol to 300 g/mol, or 15 g/mol to 500 g/mol. In someembodiments, a substituent comprises, or consists of: 0-5 or 0-2 carbonatoms; and 0-5 or 0-3 heteroatoms, wherein each heteroatom mayindependently be: N, O, S, Si, F, Cl, Br, or I; provided that thesubstituent includes at least one C, N, O, S, Si, F, Cl, Br, or I atom.In other embodiments, examples of substituents can include, but are notlimited to, optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl,heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, hydroxy, alkoxy,aryloxy, acyl, acyloxy, alkylcarboxylate, thiol, alkylthio, cyano, halo,thiocarbonyl, O-carbamyl, N-carbamyl, O-thiocarbamyl, O-phenyl,N-thiocarbamyl, C-amido, N-amido, S-sulfonamido, N-sulfonamido,isocyanato, thiocyanato, isothiocyanato, nitro, phosphoryl, phosphonyl,silyl, sulfenyl, sulfinyl, sulfonyl, haloalkyl, haloalkoxyl,trihalomethanesulfonyl, trihalomethanesulfonamido, amino, etc. Wherevera substituent is described as “optionally substituted,” that substituentcan be substituted with the above substituents. In some embodiments,when a substituent is phosphorus-based, the substituent should beunderstood to include a phosphate, phosphonate, phosphoryl, orphosphonyl moiety.

“Aryl” refers to an aromatic substituent that may be a single ring ormultiple rings. The aromatic rings of the aryl group may each andoptionally contain heteroatoms, for example, as in phenyl, pyridine,pyrazine, pyrimidine, carbazolyl, or imidazole. The aryl group can beoptionally substituted with one or more aryl group substituents whichcan be the same or different, where “aryl group substituent” includesalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxyl, carboxy,—CN, acyl, halo, nitro, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl,arylalkoxycarbonyl, acyloxyl, acylamino, aroylamino, carbamoyl,alkylhalide, alkylcarbamoyl, dialkylcarbamoyl, arylthio, alkylthio,alkylene, boronic acid, and —NRR′, where R and R′ can be eachindependently hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, -aryl-alkyl, and -alkyl-aryl.

In some embodiments, the number of carbon atoms in an alkyl substituentor moiety can be specified herein. For example, a substituent describedas “optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl” should be understood to be analkyl base moiety that has between one and six carbons that can beoptionally substituted with substituents as described above.

For convenience, the term “molecular weight” is used with respect to amoiety or part of a molecule to indicate the sum of the atomic masses ofthe atoms in the moiety or part of a molecule, even though it may not bea complete molecule.

The structures associated with some of the chemical names referred toherein are depicted below. These structures may be unsubstituted, asshown below, or a substituent may independently be in any positionnormally occupied by a hydrogen atom when the structure isunsubstituted. Unless a point of attachment is indicated by

or, attachment may occur at any position normally occupied by a hydrogenatom. For example, attachment would occur at the

in the

Some embodiments include a compound of any of the following formulas:

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, and R⁵ can independently be selected from H, F,Cl, Br, I, OH, optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl, optionally substitutedphosphoryl, or optionally substituted phosphonyl and wherein a relativepercentage of n block to m block can be between 2% and 20%, wherein FRis

and wherein R⁸ and R⁹ are selected from H, aryl, optionally substitutedphenyl, or optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl.

With respect to any relevant formula or structural representationherein, such as Formulas A, 1, and 2, R¹ can be H or any substituentsuch as F, Cl, Br, I, OH, optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, optionallysubstituted —OR, optionally substituted phosphoryl, optionallysubstituted phosphonyl, or —O—FR (Formula B). In some embodiments, R¹ isBr. In some embodiments, R¹ is H. In some embodiments R¹ is optionallysubstituted phosphoryl. In some embodiments, R¹ is —O—FR.

With respect to any relevant formula or structural representationherein, such as Formula A, B, 1, and 2, FR can be optionally substitutedphosphoryl or optionally substituted phosphonyl. For example, —O—FR asdescribed in Formula 2 can be —O-phosphoryl or —O-phosphonyl, eitherbeing optionally substituted. In some embodiments, FR is

wherein R⁸ and R⁹ are selected from H, aryl, optionally substitutedphenyl, or optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, FR is

wherein R⁸ and R⁹ are selected from H, aryl, optionally substitutedphenyl, or optionally substituted C₁₋₆ alkyl.

With respect to any relevant formula or structural representationherein, such as Formulas A, 1, and 2, R² can be H or any substituentsuch as F, Cl, Br, I, OH, optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, optionallysubstituted —OR, optionally substituted phosphoryl, optionallysubstituted phosphonyl, or —O—FR. In some embodiments, R² is Br. In someembodiments, R² is H. In some embodiments R² is optionally substitutedphosphoryl. In some embodiments, R² is —O—FR.

With respect to any relevant formula or structural representationherein, such as Formulas A, 1, and 2, R³ can be H or any substituentsuch as F, Cl, Br, I, OH, optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, optionallysubstituted —OR, optionally substituted phosphoryl, optionallysubstituted phosphonyl, or —O—FR. In some embodiments, R³ is Br. In someembodiments, R³ is H. In some embodiments R³ is optionally substitutedphosphoryl. In some embodiments, R³ is —O—FR.

With respect to any relevant formula or structural representationherein, such as Formulas A, 1, and 2, R⁴ can be H or any substituentsuch as F, Cl, Br, I, OH, optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, optionallysubstituted —OR, optionally substituted phosphoryl, optionallysubstituted phosphonyl, or —O—FR. In some embodiments, R⁴ is Br. In someembodiments, R⁴ is H. In some embodiments R⁴ is optionally substitutedphosphoryl. In some embodiments, R⁴ is —O—FR.

With respect to any relevant formula or structural representationherein, such as Formulas A, 1, and 2, R⁵ can be H or any substituentsuch as F, Cl, Br, I, OH, optionally substituted C₁₋₃ alkyl, optionallysubstituted —OR, optionally substituted phosphoryl, or optionallysubstituted phosphonyl. In some embodiments, R⁵ is Br. In someembodiments, R⁵ is H. In some embodiments R⁵ is optionally substitutedphosphoryl. In some embodiments, R⁵ is —O—FR.

With respect to any relevant formula or structural representationherein, such as Formulas A, B, 1, and 2, R⁸ can be H, optionallysubstituted aryl, optionally substituted phenyl, or optionallysubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R⁸ is optionallysubstituted phenyl. In some embodiments, R⁸ is optionally substitutedC₁₋₆ alkyl.

With respect to any relevant formula or structural representationherein, such as Formulas A, B, 1, and 2, R⁹ can be H, optionallysubstituted aryl, optionally substituted phenyl, or optionallysubstituted C₁₋₆ alkyl. In some embodiments, R⁹ is optionallysubstituted phenyl. In some embodiments, R⁹ is optionally substitutedC₁₋₆ alkyl.

Polymers as disclosed herein can also include one or more otherpolymers. Examples of polymers can include epoxy, a polyhydroxyurethane,a polycarbonate, a polyester, a polyacrylate, a polyimide, a polyamide,a polyurea, a poly(vinyl-ester), etc. Combinations of polymers caninclude chemical crosslinking, mixing, blending, forming a matrix, acomposite of different polymers, etc. In some embodiments, the copolymeror monomer ratio can be used to control the properties of a productpolymer. In some embodiments, the percentage by mass of substitutedmonomer in a polymer can be from about 1% to about 30%, for example fromabout 5% to about 20%, or any other percentage bound therein. In someembodiments, the ratio of substituted monomer to unsubstituted monomerin a polymer can be a ratio of between 1:30 to about 1:4, such as about1:20 to about 1:5, or any other ratio bound therein. For example, aprecursor copolymer ratio of 1:10 (substituted to unsubstitutedmonomers) before polymerization would result in a polymer that has a1:10 ratio of substituted to unsubstituted monomers. In someembodiments, a polymer with a 1:10 copolymer ratio can have differentproperties than a polymer with a 1:20 copolymer ratio.

In some embodiments, the polymers disclosed herein can be used as singlecomponent materials, part of blended polymeric materials, or ascomponents of composite materials. In some embodiments, the polymersdisclosed herein can be added to other materials to add to the flameretardancy characteristics of the material being modified. In someembodiments, multiple flame retardant monomers can be blended with anunsubstituted monomer to form a final polymer. In some embodiments,blending is done after polymerization.

A flame retardant polymer is a polymer that can be resistant to thermaldegradation and/or thermal oxidation. In some embodiments, a flameretardant polymer can be mixed with another polymer to form a polymermatrix composite. For example, the flame retardant polymer can beotherwise incorporated into a standard polymer to give flame retardancyto the standard polymer.

One example of a polymer that can be made flame-retardant by theaddition of flame-retardant polymers as disclosed herein ispolycarbonate-acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC-ABS), a plastic thatis often used in electronics hardware. The flame retardant polymersdisclosed herein can also be incorporated into polyurethane.Polyurethane is a versatile polymer used in applications that includeacoustic dampening, cushioning, plastics, synthetic fibers, insulation,adhesives, etc. The polymers disclosed herein can also be added toadhesives such as bio-adhesives, elastomers, thermoplastics, emulsions,thermosets, etc. Further, materials containing the polymers disclosedherein can be incorporated into various devices with electroniccomponents that can include printed circuit boards (PCBs),semiconductors, transistors, optoelectronics, capacitors, resistors,etc.

In another example, the process of forming a flame retardantpolycaprolactone can include utilizing a caprolactone molecule to form ahydroxyl-functionalized caprolactone molecule. Then following theformation of the hydroxyl-functionalized caprolactone molecule,chemically reacting the hydroxyl-functionalized caprolactone moleculewith a halide to form a halogen-functionalized caprolactone monomer.Following the formation of the monomer, polymerizing a mixture thatincludes at least the halogen-functionalized caprolactone monomer toform a flame retardant polycaprolactone

Resins for printed circuit boards (PCBs) can be made flame-retardant byincorporating flame retardant polymers as disclosed herein. PCBs areelectrical circuits that can be found in most types of electronicdevice, and they support and electronically connect electricalcomponents in the device. PCBs are formed by etching a copper conductivelayer laminated onto an insulating substrate. The insulating substratecan be a laminate comprising a resin and a fiber. Many resins in PCBscontain a polymer, such as an epoxy, a polyhydroxyurethane, apolycarbonate, a polyester, a polyacrylate, a polyimide, a polyamide, apolyurea, a poly(vinyl-ester), etc. Flame-retardant polymers asdisclosed herein can be added to the resin in order to prevent the PCBfrom catching fire when exposed to high temperature environments orelectrical power overloads. In some embodiments, flame retardantpolymers as disclosed herein, when added to other materials as explainedabove, can add to the self-extinguishing characteristics of materialsthat have been exposed to an open flame. For example, any article ofmanufacture or composition can have incorporated therein a flameretardant compound as disclosed herein.

It should be noted that, in some embodiments, the compounds describedherein can contain one or more chiral centers. These can include racemicmixtures, diastereomers, enantiomers, and mixtures containing one ormore stereoisomer. Further, the disclosed can encompass racemic forms ofthe compounds in addition to individual stereoisomers, as well asmixtures containing any of these.

The synthetic processes discussed herein and their accompanying drawingsare prophetic examples, and are not limiting; they can vary in reactionconditions, components, methods, etc. In addition, the reactionconditions can optionally be changed over the course of a process.Further, in some embodiments, processes can be added or omitted whilestill remaining within the scope of the disclosure, as will beunderstood by a person of ordinary skill in the art.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example synthesis 199 of halogenated PCL flameretardants. Starting from caprolactone (CL) 100, an enolate is generatedusing lithium diisopropylamine (LDA) in a solution of phenylselenylbromide (PhSeBr), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and tetrahydrofuran (THF),which then undergoes selenoxide elimination to give α,β-unsaturated CL101. Radical bromination alpha to the unsaturation of CL 101 givesbromo-CL 102. The elimination of the bromine of 102 via the use of ahindered base gives di-unsaturated CL 103. A second radical brominationstep results in CL 104 with two unsaturations and a bromide. Each of theunsaturations in CLs 101, 102, 103, and 104 are reacted with bromine togive 2,3-dibromo-CL 105, 2,3,4-tribromo-CL 106, 2,3,4,5-tetrabromo-CL107, and 2,3,4,5,6-pentabromo-CL 108. These polybromo-CLs, 105-108,which can also be represented by Formula A, are then polymerized usingcatalytic tin(II) octanoate to give the brominated PCLs 109-112,respectively. The brominated CLs are also polymerized withunfunctionalized CL to give variable control over the bromine contentand physical/thermal properties of the polymer. In some embodiments, thebrominated CLs 105-108 are alternatively replaced with a compoundrepresented by the Formula A to yield a corresponding polymerrepresented by n block from Formula 2. In some embodiments,polybromo-CL's 105-108 can be mixed with varying ratios of caprolactone100 to give a final polymer with varying ratios of m to n block (seeFormula 2).

FIG. 2 illustrates an example synthesis 299 of non-halogenated PCL flameretardants proceeding through an epoxide (oxirane) intermediate. Staringfrom caprolactone (CL) 100, CL molecules 101 and 103 are synthesized asdescribed above. 2-oxiranyl-CL 209 and 2,5-dioxiranyl-CL 210 andsynthesized from CLs 101 and 103, respectively, from hydrogen peroxide(H₂O₂). These epoxides rings are then opened via a reductivering-opening reaction using sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) and phenyldiselenide (Ph₂Se₂) to give 3-hydroxyCL 211 and either 3,4- or3,5-dihydroxyCL 212 (the reaction conditions may give a mixture ofstereochemistry for the second epoxide ring-opening). The hydroxylgroups are then functionalized with either phosphoryl or phosphonylgroups via a reaction with either diphenylphosphoryl chloride ordiphenylphosphinic chloride (both abbreviated DPPC) with catalyticdimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) to give 213 and 214. The phosphoryl orphosphonyl groups are abbreviate as “FR.” The non-halogenated flameretardant-functionalized CLs are then polymerized using catalytictin(II) octanoate to give the flame retardant PCLs 229 and 230. Thenon-halogenated FR-functionalized CLs are also polymerized withunfunctionalized CL (100) to give polymer 231. In some embodiments, thenon-halogenated FR-functionalized CLs 213 and 214 are alternativelyreplaced with a compound represented by the Formula A to yield acorresponding polymer represented by n block in Formula 2. The ratio of213 and/or 214 monomers to 100 monomer gives the ratio of m block to nblock in the final polymer, respectively. This can allow for variablecontrol over the flame retardancy and physical/thermal properties of thepolymer.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example synthesis 399 of non-halogenated PCL flameretardants proceeding through a diol intermediate. CL molecules 101 and103 are synthesized as described above from caprolactone 100.2,3-hydroxyl-CL 315 and 2,3,4,5-hydroxyl-CL 316 and synthesized from CLs1 and 3, respectively, via an Upjohn dihydroxylation reaction involvingcatalytic osmium tetroxide. The hydroxyl groups are then functionalizedwith either phosphoryl or phosphonyl groups via a reaction with eitherdiphenylphosphoryl chloride or diphenylphosphinic chloride (bothabbreviated DPPC) with catalytic dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) to givemolecules 317 and 318. The phosphoryl or phosphonyl groups areabbreviate as “FR.” The non-halogenated flame retardant-functionalizedCLs are then polymerized using catalytic tin(II) octanoate to give theflame retardant PCLs 323 and 324. The non-halogenated FR-functionalizedCLs 317 and 318 are also polymerized with unfunctionalized CL (100) togive polymer 325. In some embodiments, the non-halogenatedFR-functionalized CLs 317 and 318 are alternatively replaced with acompound represented by the Formula A to yield a corresponding polymerrepresented by Formula 2. These copolymers can allow for variablecontrol over the flame retardancy and physical/thermal properties of thepolymer depending on the ratio of unfunctionalized to functionalized CLthat is used to yield polymer 325 (also alternatively represented byFormula 2). The ratio of 327 and/or 328 monomers to 100 monomer givesthe ratio of m block to n block in the final polymer, respectively.

EXAMPLES

The following are examples of some methods that can be used to prepareand use the compounds described herein.

Example 1 Synthesis of Unsaturated CL 101

n-Butyllithium (1 equiv.) is added dropwise to anhydrous THF anddiisopropylamine (1.2 equiv.) in dry THF under nitrogen at −78° C. for15 minutes. epsilon-Caprolactone (1 equiv.) in dry THF is addeddropwise, and the solution stirred at −78° C. for 15 min. Phenylselenylbromide (1 equiv.) in dry THF is added rapidly between −78 and −60° C.,and the solution stirred at −78° C. for 15 min. Water (20 mL) is addedand the THF is evaporated in vacuo. The yellow residue is extracted withdiethyl ether (4×). The combined organic solvents are washed with water(4×), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and evaporated in vacuo. The residue inether is kept at −20° C. overnight to give the phenylselenyl lactone(14.1 g) as crystals. The mother liquors are chromatographed on silicagel, eluting with dichloromethane to give more phenylselenyl lactoneR_(f)=0.54.

Reaction arrow 1, Step 2: Hydrogen peroxide (30%, 1.3 equiv.) is addeddropwise with stirring to the phenylselenyl lactone (1 equiv.) in THF at25° C. After the addition is completed, the temperature is kept between30-33° C. for 2.5 hr. The resulting yellow solution is evaporated invacuo and the residue is chromatographed on silica gel, eluting withether-light petroleum (bp: 30-40° C.) (1:1) to give the lactone product101 as a yellow oil, R_(f)=0.19, which is further purified bydistillation to give a colorless liquid, bp 68-69° C./0.1 mm Hg. Seealso FIG. 1.

Example 2 Synthesis of 315 and 316

To a stirred solution of “caprolactone-diene” 103 (1 equiv.) in asolution of acetone/water (8:1) may be added (2 equiv.) of N-morpholineoxide (NMO) and a 2.5% solution of OsO₄ in tert-butanol (5 mol % ofOsO₄) and the mixture may be stirred overnight at room temperature. Thereaction may be quenched with a saturated solution of Na₂S₂O₃, and maybe stirred for one hour and transferred in a separation funnel. Theaqueous layer may be extracted with ethyl acetate, the combined organiclayers dried over Na₂SO₄ and the solvent removed under reduced pressure.The crude may be used without purification or residue may be purified byrecrystallization or column chromatography. This procedure can also beused in the synthesis of 315 from 101, but the equivalents of the NMOmay be halved to 1 equiv and the amount of OsO₄ may be reduced to 2.5mol %. See also FIG. 3.

Example 3 Synthesis of 318

To a solution of “tetrahydroxycaprolactone” 316 (1 equiv.) and diphenylchlorophosphate (>4 equiv.) in anhydrous DCM or THF at 0° C., is added asolution of triethylamine and/or DMAP (>4 equiv.) in anhydrous DCM orTHF, dropwise. The reaction may be heated to reflux and stirred for upto 24 hours. The reaction may be poured into a saturated solution ofammonium chloride, and may be stirred for one hour and transferred in aseparation funnel. The aqueous layer may be extracted with ethylacetate, the combined organic layers dried over Na₂SO₄ and the solventremoved under reduced pressure. The crude 318 may be used withoutpurification or residue may be purified by recrystallization or columnchromatography. See also FIG. 3.

Example 3 Homopolymer Polymerization

“Phosphorylated caprolactone” a catalyst such as tin (II) octanoate(0.1-1 mol %) may be added to a reaction vessel, which may contain asolvent such as DCM. After a period of up to 24 hours, the melt orsolution may be added directly to hexanes or methanol, dropwise or allin one portion, to precipitate the polymer, which may be collected byfiltration, and dried in a vacuum oven at >60° C. until complete removalof volatiles (determined by thermogravimetric analysis).

Example 4 Heteropolymer Polymerization

“Phosphorylated caprolactone,” brominated caprolactone, or unsubstitutedcaprolactone and a catalysts such as tin (II) octanoate (0.1-1 mol %)can be added to a reaction vessel, which can contain a solvent such asDCM. After a period of up to 24 hours, the melt or solution can be addeddirectly to hexanes or methanol, dropwise or all in one portion, toprecipitate the polymer, which can be collected by filtration, and driedin a vacuum oven at >60° C. until complete removal of volatiles(determined by thermogravimetric analysis).

Example 5 Synthesis of 102

To a stirred anhydrous solution of “caprolactone” (compound 101) in asolution of either anhydrous DCM or benzene, may be added brominedropwise. The solution may be include a free radical initiator such asAIBN or benzoyl peroxide. The solution may be heated to reflux and/orplaced under UV radiation (approx. 254 nm). Upon completion, reactionmay be filtered, or quenched with a sodium thiosulfate solution and thelayers separated. The organic layer may be rinsed with water and brine,and may be dried over MgSO₄. The solvent may be removed in vacuo and theresidue may be purified by recrystallization or column chromatography.

Example 6 Synthesis of 104

To a stirred anhydrous solution of “caprolactone” (compound 103) in asolution of either anhydrous DCM or benzene, may be added brominedropwise. The solution may be include a free radical initiator such asAIBN or benzoyl peroxide. The solution may be heated to reflux and/orplaced under UV radiation (approx. 254 nm). Upon completion, reactionmay be filtered, or quenched with a sodium thiosulfate solution and thelayers separated. The organic layer may be rinsed with water and brine,and may be dried over MgSO₄. The solvent may be removed in vacuo and theresidue may be purified by recrystallization or column chromatography.

Example 7 Synthesis of 103

To a stirred anhydrous solution of “bromocaprolactone” 102 in a solutionof either anhydrous DCM or THF, may be added a solution of triethylaminein the same solvent, dropwise. The solution may be heated to reflux.Upon completion, reaction may be quenched with a sodium thiosulfatesolution, and the layers separated. The organic layer may be rinsed withwater and brine, and may be dried over MgSO₄. The solvent may be removedin vacuo and the residue may be purified by recrystallization or columnchromatography. See FIG. 1.

Example 8 Synthesis of 105-108

To a stirred anhydrous solution of “caprolactone” (compounds 101-104) ina solution of anhydrous DCM, may be added bromine dropwise (>1equivalent per alkene). The solution may be warmed to room temperatureand/or stirred for 1-8 hours. Upon completion, reaction may be filtered,or quenched with a sodium thiosulfate solution and the layers separated.The organic layer may be rinsed with water and brine, and may be driedover MgSO₄. The solvent may be removed in vacuo and the residue may bepurified by recrystallization or column chromatography. (e.g. as seen inFIG. 1, using compound 101 in this reaction yields compound 105, usingcompound 102 yields compound 106, etc.)

Example 9 Synthesis of 209

To a solution of compound 101 (1.0 equiv) in MeOH—THF (3:1, 400 mL) maybe added a solution of aqueous H₂O₂ (>10 equiv., 35% w/w) and 6M aqueousNaOH (>1.0 equiv.) at 0° C. After being stirred at the same temperaturefor 2 hours, to the reaction mixture may be added H₂O, ether and asolution of 2M aqueous HCl. The organic phase may be separated and theaqueous phase may be extracted with ether (2×). The combined organicextracts may be washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ andconcentrated in vacuo. The residue may be purified by silica gel columnchromatography.

Example 10 Synthesis of 210

To a solution of compound 103 (2.0 equiv) in MeOH—THF (3:1, 400 mL) maybe added a solution of aqueous H₂O₂ (>20 equiv., 35% w/w) and 6M aqueousNaOH (>2.0 equiv.) at 0° C. After being stirred at the same temperaturefor 2 hours, to the reaction mixture may be added H₂O, ether and asolution of 2M aqueous HCl. The organic phase may be separated and theaqueous phase may be extracted with ether (2×). The combined organicextracts may be washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ andconcentrated in vacuo. The residue may be purified by silica gel columnchromatography.

Example 11 Synthesis of 211

To a stirred solution of diphenyl diselenide (1.33 equiv.) inisopropanol may be added NaBH₄ (2.66 equiv.), portionwise at roomambient temperature. After a few minutes acetic acid may be added at thesame temperature. After 5 minutes, the mixture may be cooled to 0° C.,and a solution of the epoxy lactone (1.0 equiv.) isopropanol may beadded dropwise to the mixture. Stirring may be continued for 30 min atthe same temperature. The mixture is diluted with ethyl acetate, and theorganic layer may be washed with brine and dried with MgSO₄. Afterevaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure, the residue may bepurified by silica gel column chromatography.

Example 12 Synthesis of 212

To a stirred solution of diphenyl diselenide (2.66 equiv.) inisopropanol may be added NaBH₄ (5.32 equiv.), portionwise at roomambient temperature. After a few minutes acetic acid may be added at thesame temperature. After 5 minutes, the mixture may be cooled to 0° C.,and a solution of the epoxy lactone (2.0 equiv.) isopropanol may beadded dropwise to the mixture. Stirring may be continued for 30 min atthe same temperature. The mixture is diluted with ethyl acetate, and theorganic layer may be washed with brine and dried with MgSO₄. Afterevaporation of the solvent under reduced pressure, the residue may bepurified by silica gel column chromatography.

Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities ofingredients, properties such as molecular weight, reaction conditions,and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understoodas being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly,unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth inthe specification and attached claims are approximations that may varydepending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained. At the veryleast, and not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine ofequivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter shouldat least be construed in light of the number of reported significantdigits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques.

The terms “a,” “an,” “the” and similar referents used in the context ofdescribing the invention (especially in the context of the followingclaims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural,unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context.All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable orderunless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted bycontext. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g.,“such as”) provided herein is intended merely to better illuminate theinvention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of any claim. Nolanguage in the specification should be construed as indicating anynon-claimed element essential to the practice of the invention.

Groupings of alternative elements or embodiments disclosed herein arenot to be construed as limitations. Each group member may be referred toand claimed individually or in any combination with other members of thegroup or other elements found herein. It is anticipated that one or moremembers of a group may be included in, or deleted from, a group forreasons of convenience and/or patentability. When any such inclusion ordeletion occurs, the specification is deemed to contain the group asmodified thus fulfilling the written description of all Markush groupsused in the appended claims.

Certain embodiments are described herein, including the best mode knownto the inventors for carrying out the invention. Of course, variationson these described embodiments will become apparent to those of ordinaryskill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventorexpects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, andthe inventors intend for the invention to be practiced otherwise thanspecifically described herein. Accordingly, the claims include allmodifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in theclaims as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of theabove-described elements in all possible variations thereof iscontemplated unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearlycontradicted by context.

In closing, it is to be understood that the embodiments disclosed hereinare illustrative of the principles of the claims. Other modificationsthat may be employed are within the scope of the claims. Thus, by way ofexample, but not of limitation, alternative embodiments may be utilizedin accordance with the teachings herein. Accordingly, the claims are notlimited to embodiments precisely as shown and described.

What is claimed is:
 1. A flame resistant compound represented by aformula:

wherein at least one of R¹-R⁵ is O—FR, wherein FR is a flame retardantmoiety represented by the formula:

wherein R⁸ and R⁹ are each independently optionally substituted phenylor optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl; and wherein at least one of R⁸ andR⁹ is optionally substituted phenyl.
 2. The compound of claim 1, whereinFR is further represented by the formula:

wherein R⁸ and R⁹ are each independently optionally substituted phenylor optionally substituted C₁₋₆alkyl; and wherein at least one of R⁸ andR⁹ is optionally substituted phenyl.
 3. The compound of claim 1 whereinR⁸ and R⁹ are each independently optionally substituted phenyl.
 4. Thecompound of claim 1 wherein at least two of R¹-R⁵ are O—FR.
 5. Thecompound of claim 1 wherein at least three of R¹-R⁵ are O—FR.
 6. A flameretardant compound represented by a formula:

wherein at least two of R¹-R⁵ are halides.
 7. The compound of claim 6,wherein the at least two halides are chlorine.
 8. The compound of claim6, wherein the at least two halides are fluorine.
 9. The compound ofclaim 6, wherein the at least two halides are bromine.
 10. The compoundof claim 6, wherein R¹-R⁵ are each bromine.